Experimental & Theoretical Analysis of Composite (Polyester & Silicon-Carbide) Cantilever Beam

A cantilever beam is made from composite material which is consist of (matrix: polyester) and (particles: Silicon-Carbide) with different volume fraction of particles. A force is applied at the free end of beam with different values. The experimental maximum deflection of beam which occurs at the point of the applied load is recorded. The deflection and slope of beam are analyzed by using FEM modeling. MATLAB paltform is built to assemble the equations, vector and matrix of FEM and solving the unknown variables (deflection and slope) at each node. Also ANSYS platform is used to modeling beam in finite element and solve the problem. The numerical methods are used to compare the results with the theoretical and experimental data. A good agreement is observed between the above methods. The Increase in volume fraction of particles results in increasing the modulus of elasticity and decreasing the deflection of beam. An equation is suggested for modulus of elasticity as functions of volume fraction

Motorway roadworks: effects on traffic operations

This paper examines traffic operations at the approaches to motorway roadwork sites in the North West of England and focuses on some of the parameters affecting both safety and capacity. The trade–off between capacity and safety at motorway roadworks represents a dilemma for the traffic engineer. Capacity is reduced with the closure of one or more lanes to traffic. Lower operating speeds may be observed due to the substandard layout and to the lower speed limits imposed on site. Speed cameras are sometimes introduced to enforce the posted speed limits. Observations suggest that traffic behaviour at the approach to a roadwork section differs in terms of drivers’ operating speeds and their choice of lanes. Speed differentials close to the merge section could be a contributory cause of flow breakdowns and are a danger to road–users and workers alike. In addition, some drivers force themselves into the path of others on adjacent lanes by accepting smaller gaps to merge into especially when they are getting closer to the taper section. Previous work suggests that higher accident rates are usually associated with roadwork sections compared with normal motorway ones

A cross-cultural study of factors influencing helping behaviour

The burgeoning research into altruism and helping behaviour has examined the effect of many variables that enhance or inhibit helpfulness, but little attention has been given to the influence of culture. In the present research, data on various aspects of helping behaviour were collected in both the UK and the Sudan so that the importance of cultural influences could be investigated. In addition this research also tested the validity of current models of helping. In a repertory grid study, urgency and cost emerged as the main constructs people in the two countries use to distinguish between various helpful situations. A laboratory experiment designed to test existing models of intervention behaviour found significant main effects of country, group, size, cost and urgency; and a group size/urgency interaction. Subjects in the Sudan intervened faster than subjects in the UK; lone subjects intervened faster than subjects in small and large groups; subjects in low cost intervened faster than subjects in high cost conditions; and subjects in high urgency intervened faster than subjects in low urgency conditions. Group size effect was stronger in low than in high urgency conditions. Two field studies further investigated the effect of urgency and cost in urban-nonurban context. Significant main effects of urgency and cost were found in cities but not in towns; and people in cities were less helpful than people in towns. A questionnaire survey found that in both countries there were significant urban-nonurban differences in the incidence of reported social contacts and exchange of helpful acts between acquaintances, neighbours and strangers. However, there were no urban-nonurban differences between relatives and close friends. Finally, attitudes to altruism and helpfulness did not differ between the two countries or between urban and nonurban residents. The results highlight the need to incorporate urgency and cultural variables in theoretical models of helping behaviour

Replacing of glass fibres with seed oil palm fibres for tribopolymeric composites

In the current study, the possibility of replacing woven glass fibres (WGFs) with seed oil palm fibres (SOPFs) as reinforcements for tribopolymeric composites is investigated. Mainly, two different polyester composites based on woven glass reinforced polyester (WGRP) and seed oil palm reinforced polyester (SOPRP) are developed. Different volume fractions (25, 35, and 45 vol.- %) of SOPFs were considered. The experiments were performed using a block on disc (BOD) machine and the tests were conducted under dry contact condition against smooth stainless steel counterface at 2?8 m s21 sliding velocity, 20 N applied load for different sliding distances (up to 5 km). The wear mechanism was categorised using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results revealed that the steady state was reached after 4 km sliding distance for both WGRP and SOPRP composites. Seed oil palm reinforced polyester composites showed very high friction coefficient compared to WGRP. 35 vol.-% SOPRP composite exhibited a promising wear result, i.e. SOPFs are possible to replace WGFs in polymeric composites reinforcements whereas the wear resistance of the synthetic and natural composite were almost the same. The wear mechanisms for SOPRP composites were predominated by microcracks, deformation and pulled out of fibres while in the WGRP composite, abrasive nature was observed

Design development of machine shop area for the case TSF-8.171.137 manufacture including the study of cutting tool geometrical parameters influence on cutting force parameters

The thesis develops the design of machine shop area for manufacturing the case and researching the impact of cutting tool geometrical parameters on cutting force components and tool lifeCONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1. ANALYTIC CHAPTER 1.1. Service purpose and characteristics of the object of production. 1.2. Analysis of technical requirements for the part. 1.3. Analysis of the technological design of the part. 1.4. Analysis of the basic technological process. 1.5. Conclusions and problem statement for the diploma project. 2. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CHAPTER 2.1. Characterization of the cutting tool geometry. 2.2. Setting up the experimental criterias, technical and cutting conditions. 2.3. Research the experimental results of cutting-edge preparation and cutting-edge radius influences on tool life and cutting forces. 2.4. Research of edge treatment influence on total force load and component of cutting force Fz. 3. TECHNOLOGICAL CHAPTER 3.1. Characteristics of the type and organizational form of production. 3.2. Choice and justification of workpiece's obtaining method. 3.3. Requirements for the workpiece. Calculation of the workpiece. 3.4. Calculations of leakage to the surface of the part in an analytical way. 3.5. Development of routing technological process of mechanical processing of the body of TSF 8.171.137. 3.6. Methods of providing technological requirements in the processing of parts. 3.7. Description of the route process for operations. 3.8. Development of operational process. 3.8.1. Description of the trajectories of the motion of the cutting tool on the operations performed on CNC machines. 3.8.2. Selection of cutting and normalization of operations of the technological process. 3.8.2.1. Calculations of cutting and normalization modes of turning-threading operation 015. 3.8.2.2. Calculations of cutting and normalization modes of vertical milling operation 025. 3.8.2.3. Calculation of the cutting and normalization modes of coordinate-boring operation 045 with CNC. 3.9. Determination of errors of the base of the workpiece. 3.10. Calculations of the forces of fastening the workpiece. 3.11. Calculate the parts for durability. 4. DESIGNING CHAPTER 4.1. The choice of equipment, equipment and bases for the design version of the case. 4.2. Design of machine tool adaptation. 4.2.1. Description of the design and principle of the selected devices. 4.2.2. Assembly and operation of the device. 4.2.3. Choice and calculation of power drive. 4.3. Design of cutting and measuring tools. 4.3.1. Design of cutting tool. 4.3.2. Calculations of the measuring instrument. 4.4. Means of increasing the technological indicators of coordinate-boring operation 045 with CNC. 5. SPECIAL CHAPTER 5.1. Subsystems of optimization in CAD. 5.2. Review of the most common CAD of world manufacturers. 5.3. Methods of designing technological processes for manufacturing parts using the package of applied programs "CCI CAD". 5.3.1. Preparing the source information. 5.3.2. Block diagram of the algorithm for automated design of the process of manufacturing the case. 5.4. Analysis of the technological process, obtained with the help of CAD of the TP. 6. PLANNING CHAPTER 6.1. Determination of annual needs in technological equipment. Build summary hardware. 6.2. Selection of the type and calculation of the number of lifting and transport vehicles. 6.3. Calculation of the number of industrial and production personnel. 6.3.1. Monthly time fund estimates. 6.3.2. Calculations of the number of production workers. 6.3.3. Settlements of the number of auxiliary workers. 6.3.4. Calculations of the number of engineering workers and junior service staff. 6.4. Calculation of necessary production area and construction of site planning scheme. 7. ECONOMIC BACKGROUND 7.1. Determination of the technological cost of manufacturing the case. 7.1.1. Feasibility study of the method of obtaining the workpiece. 7.1.2. Determination of the wage fund of production workers and the magnitude of their average monthly earnings. 7.1.3. Overhead billing. 7.1.3.1. Calculation of total production costs. 7.1.3.2. Calculation of administrative expenses. 7.1.3.3. Calculations of sales expenses. 7.1.4. Calculations of full cost and price details. 7.2. Determination of economic efficiency of the design variant of the technological process of manufacturing the case with CNC machines. 7.2.1. Determination of output data for economical comparison of the basic and project variants of technology. 7.2.2. Determination of capital investments in comparable variants. 7.2.3. Determination of technological cost of annual production of parts in comparable variants. 7.3. Basic technical and economic indicators of the site. 7.4. Substantiation of economic efficiency of the developed technological process. 8. HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES 8.1. Organization of labor protection at work. 8.2. Dangerous production factors at the site and measures to reduce them. 8.3. Analysis of harmful production factors at the site and measures to eliminate them. 9. ECOLOGY 9.1. The relevance of environment protection. 9.2. Environmental pollution resulting from project implementation. 9.3. Measures to reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases, protect the environment and reduce environmental pollution. CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES APPENDICE